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<title>List of Renaissance Mathematians</title>
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<H1>List  of Renaissance Mathematicians (part 3)</H1>

This is a highly selected list.


<H2>21. Bombelli </H2>

Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography
<br/>
Crater Bombelli

<p/>
<a href="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Bombelli.html">
MACTUTOR<a/>. 
NAME
<br/>
Born: Jan 1526 in Bologna, Italy
<br/>
Died: 1572 in (probably) Rome, Italy
<br>
Summary: 
Rafael Bombelli was an Italian mathematician who wrote an influencial algebra text and made free use of both negative numbers and complex numbers.

<p/>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombelli">
WIKI<a/>.
Rafael Bombelli (1526–1573) born in Bologna.
<br/>
Summary: 
Italian mathematician.
Author of a treatise on algebra.
A central figure in the understanding of imaginary numbers. 

<p/>
<a href="http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/bombelli.html">
The Galileo Project<a/>. 

<p/>
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Bombelli.jpeg"
height=
"350" />


<H2>22. Viète </H2>

Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography
<br/>
<a href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9075315">Encyclopaedia Britannica<a/>
(also: 
<a href="http://search.eb.com.ezproxy.csusm.edu/eb/article-9075315">Academic Edition<a/>,
requires campus password)
<br/>
Crater Vieta
<br/>
Paris street name: Rue Viète (17th Arrondissement)

<p/>
<a href="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Viete.html">
MACTUTOR<a/>. 
François Viète
<br/>
Born: 1540 in Fontenay-le-Comte, Poitou (now Vendée), France
<br/>
Died: 13 Dec 1603 in Paris, France
<br>
Summary: 
French amateur mathematician and astronomer.
Introduced the first systematic algebraic notation in his book 
<i/>In artem analyticam isagoge</i>. 
He was also involved in deciphering codes.


<p/>
<a href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9075315">
BRITANNICA<a/>. 
François Viète, seigneur de la Bigotiere
<br/>
Born: 1540, Fontenay-le-Comte, France
<br/>
Died: Dec. 13, 1603, Paris
<br/>
Note:
Seigneur = lord. Latin  Franciscus Vieta.
<br/>
Summary:
Mathematician.
Introduced the first systematic algebraic notation.
Contributed to the theory of equations.

<p/>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viete">
WIKI<a/>.
François Viète (or Vieta), seigneur de la Bigotière (1540 - February 13, 1603)
<br/>
Generally known as Franciscus Vieta.
<br/>
Summary: 
French mathematician.

<p/>
<a href="http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/viete.html">
The Galileo Project<a/>. 

<p/>
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Viete.jpeg"
height=
"360" />
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Viete_2.jpeg"
height=
"360" />


<H2>23. Tycho Brahe </H2>

Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography
<br/>
<a href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9016148">Encyclopaedia Britannica<a/>
(also: 
<a href="http://search.eb.com.ezproxy.csusm.edu/eb/article-9016148">Academic Edition<a/>,
requires campus password)
<br/>
Crater Tycho Brahe on Mars

<p/>
<a href="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Brahe.html">
MACTUTOR<a/>. 
Tycho Brahe
<br/>
Born: 14 Dec 1546 in Knutstorp, Skane, Denmark (now Svalöv, Sweden)
<br/>
Died: 24 Oct 1601 in Prague, Bohemia (now Czech Republic)
<br>
Summary: 
Danish astronomer.
Best known for the astronomical observations which led Kepler to his theories.

<p/>
<a href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9016148">
BRITANNICA<a/>. 
Tycho Brahe
<br/>
Born: December 14, 1546, Knudstrup, Scania, Denmark
<br/>
Died: October 24, 1601, Prague
<br/>
Summary:
Danish astronomer.
Paved the way for future discoveries by
developing astronomical instruments and in measuring and fixing the positions of stars.
His observations—the most accurate possible before the invention of the telescope—included a comprehensive study of the solar system and accurate positions of more than 777 fixed stars.

<p/>
<a href="http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/brahe.html">
The Galileo Project<a/>

<p/>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe">
WIKI<a/>.


<p/>
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Brahe.jpeg"
height=
"500" />

<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8a/Tycho.JPG"
height=
"500" />

<p/>

<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Brahe_3.jpeg"
height=
"400" />

<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Brahe_2.jpeg"
height=
"400" />


<p/>

<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Mauerquadrant.jpg"
height=
"700" />


<p/>

<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Brahe_5.jpeg"
height=
"300" />


<H2>24. Thomas Harriot </H2>

Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography
<br/>
<a href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9039337">Encyclopaedia Britannica<a/>
(also: 
<a href="http://search.eb.com.ezproxy.csusm.edu/eb/article-9039337">Academic Edition<a/>,
requires campus password)
<br/>
Crater Harriot
<br/>


<p/>
<a href="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Harriot.html">
MACTUTOR<a/>. 
Thomas Harriot
<br/>
Born: 1560 in Oxford, England
<br/>
Died: 2 July 1621 in London, England
<br>
Summary: 
English mathematician.
Did outstanding work on the solution of equations.
Recognising negative roots and complex roots in a way that makes his solutions look almost like a present day solution.

<p/>
<a href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9039337">
BRITANNICA<a/>. 
Thomas Harriot
<br/>
Born: 1560, Oxford, England
<br/>
Died: July 2, 1621, London
<br/>
also spelled  Hariot 
<br/>
Summary:
Mathematician, astronomer, and investigator of the natural world.

<p/>
<a href="http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/harriot.html">
The Galileo Project<a/>

<p/>
<a href="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Obits2/Harriot_Aubrey.html">
Aubrey's Brief Lives<a/>

<p/>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_harriot">
WIKI<a/>.

<p/>
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Harriot.jpeg"
height=
"250" />
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Harriot_2.jpeg"
height=
"250" />


<H2>25. Galileo </H2>

Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography
<br/>
<a href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766">Encyclopaedia Britannica<a/>
(also: 
<a href="http://search.eb.com.ezproxy.csusm.edu/eb/article-9105766">Academic Edition<a/>,
requires campus password)
<br/>
Crater Galilaei and Rima Galilaei
<br/>
Paris street names: Rue Galilée (16th Arrondissement)

<p/>
<a href="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Galileo.html">
MACTUTOR<a/>. 
Galileo Galilei
<br/>
Born: 15 Feb 1564 in Pisa (now in Italy)
<br/>
Died: 8 Jan 1642 in Arcetri (near Florence) (now in Italy)
<br>
Summary: 
Italian scientist.
Formulated the basic law of falling bodies, which he verified by careful measurements. 
Constructed a telescope with which he studied lunar craters, and discovered four moons revolving around Jupiter and espoused the Copernican cause.

<p/>
<a href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766">
BRITANNICA<a/>. 
Galileo
<br/>
Born: Feb. 15, 1564, Pisa [Italy]
<br/>
Died: Jan. 8, 1642, Arcetri, near Florence
<br/>
in full  Galileo Galilei
<br/>
Summary:
Italian natural philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician.
Made fundamental contributions to the sciences of motion, astronomy, and strength of materials and to the development of the scientific method. 
His formulation of (circular) inertia, the law of falling bodies, and parabolic trajectories marked the beginning of a fundamental change in the study of motion. 
His insistence that the book of nature was written in the language of mathematics changed natural philosophy to a mathematical one in which experimentation became a recognized method. 
Discoveries with the telescope revolutionized astronomy and paved the way for the acceptance of Copernicus.
His advocacy of that system eventually resulted in an Inquisition process against him.

<p/>
<a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/galileo/">
STANFORD<a/>. 

<p/>
<a href="http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/galilei_gal.html">
The Galileo Project<a/>

<p/>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo">
WIKI<a/>.

<p/>
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Galileo.jpeg"
height=
"300" />
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Galileo_2.jpeg"
height=
"300" />
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Galileo_3.jpeg"
height=
"300" />
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Galileo_5.jpeg"
height=
"300" />
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Galileo_9.jpeg"
height=
"300" />

<p/>
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Galileo_4.jpeg"
height=
"150" />
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Galileo_10.jpeg"
height=
"150" />
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Galileo_7.jpeg"
height=
"150" />
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Galileo_11.jpeg"
height=
"150" />

<p/>

<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Galileo_facing_the_Roman_Inquisition.jpg"
height=
"500" />
<p/>
Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition, 1857 painting by Cristiano Banti.
<p/>


<H2>26. Kepler </H2>

Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography
<br/>
<a href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105767">Encyclopaedia Britannica<a/>
(also: 
<a href="http://search.eb.com.ezproxy.csusm.edu/eb/article-9105767">Academic Edition<a/>,
requires campus password)
<br/>
Crater Kepler
<br/>
Crater Kepler on Mars

<p/>
<a href="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Kepler.html">
MACTUTOR<a/>. 
Johannes Kepler
<br/>
Born: 27 Dec 1571 in Weil der Stadt, Württemberg, Holy Roman Empire (now Germany)
<br/>
Died: 15 Nov 1630 in Regensburg (now in Germany)
<br>
Summary: 
German mathematician and astronomer.
Postulated that the Earth and planets travel about the sun in elliptical orbits. 
Gave three fundamental laws of planetary motion. 
Also: optics and geometry.

<p/>
<a href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105767">
BRITANNICA<a/>. 
Kepler, Johannes
<br/>
Born: December 27, 1571, Weil der Stadt, Württemberg [Germany]
<br/>
Died: November 15, 1630, Regensburg
<br/>
Summary:
German astronomer.
Discovered three major laws of planetary motion:
(1) the planets in elliptical orbits with the Sun at focus; 
(2) the time to traverse arc of an orbit  proportional to the area of the sector; 
(3) relationship between the squares of the planets' periodic times and the cubes of the radii of their orbits.
Kepler did not call these “laws,” but
celestial harmonies reflecting God's design.
Newton derived them: then called laws.

<p/>
<a href="http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/kepler.html">
The Galileo Project<a/>

<p/>
<a href="http://www.georgehart.com/virtual-polyhedra/kepler.html">
Kepler's Polyhedra
</a>

<p/>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler">
WIKI<a/>.

<p/>
<a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kepler/">
STANFORD<a/>. 
<br/>Summary: "Not yet available"

<p/>
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Kepler_6.jpeg"
height=
"400" />
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Kepler_7.jpeg"
height=
"400" />
<p/>
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Kepler.jpeg"
height=
"400" />
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Kepler_8.jpeg"
height=
"400" />


<p/><img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Kepler_5.jpeg"
height=
"200" />
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Kepler_11.jpeg"
height=
"200" />
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Kepler_10.jpeg"
height=
"200" />

<p/>

<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/19/Kepler-solar-system-1.png"
height=
"400" />

<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/25/Kepler-solar-system-2.png"
height=
"400" />

<p/>

Kepler's Platonic solid model of the Solar system from 
<i>Mysterium Cosmographicum</i> (1596).
This earlier conception was later abandoned by Kepler
in favor of his three laws.

<p/>


<H2>27. Pedro Nunes </H2>

Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography

<p/>
<a href="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Nunes.html">
MACTUTOR<a/>. 
Pedro Nunes or Nunez. In full: Pedro Nunes Salaciense
<br/>
Born: 1502 in Alcácer do Sal, Portugal
<br/>
Died: 11 Aug 1578 in Coimbra, Portugal
<br>
Summary: 
Portuguese scholar.
Worked in geometry, spherical trigonometry, algebra as well as geography, physics, and cosmology.

<p/>
<a href="http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/nunez.html">
The Galileo Project<a/>

<p/>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Nunes">
WIKI<a/>.


<p/>
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Nunes.jpeg"
height=
"200" />
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Nunes_2.jpeg"
height=
"200" />

<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Nunes_3.jpeg"
height=
"200" />


<H2>28. Simon Stevin </H2>

Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography
<br/>
<a href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9069667">Encyclopaedia Britannica<a/>
(also: 
<a href="http://search.eb.com.ezproxy.csusm.edu/eb/article-9069667">Academic Edition<a/>,
requires campus password)
<br/>
Crater Stevinus

<p/>
<a href="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Stevin.html">
MACTUTOR<a/>. 
Simon Stevin
<br/>
Born: 1548 in Bruges, Flanders (now Belgium)
<br/>
Died: Feb 1620 in The Hague, Holland
<br>
Summary: 
Flemish mathematician.
Presented the first elementary and thorough account of decimal fractions.

<p/>
<a href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9069667">
BRITANNICA<a/>. 
Stevin, Simon
<br/>
Born: 1548, Bruges
<br/>
Died: 1620, The Hague or Leiden, Neth.
<br/>
Summary:
Flemish mathematician.
Helped standardize the use of decimal fractions.
Aided in refuting Aristotle's doctrine that heavy bodies fall faster than light ones.

<p/>
<a href="http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/stevin.html">
The Galileo Project<a/>

<p/>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevin">
WIKI<a/>.
INFO
<br/>
Summary: 

<p/>
<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Simon-stevin.jpeg"
height=
"400" />
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Stevin_3.jpeg"
height=
"400" />
<p/>
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Stevin.jpeg"
height=
"300" />
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Stevin_2.jpeg"
height=
"300" />


<H2>29. William Oughtred </H2>

Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography
<br/>
<a href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9057717">Encyclopaedia Britannica<a/>
(also: 
<a href="http://search.eb.com.ezproxy.csusm.edu/eb/article-9057717">Academic Edition<a/>,
requires campus password)

<p/>
<a href="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Oughtred.html">
MACTUTOR<a/>. 
William Oughtred
<br/>
Born: 5 March 1574 in Eton, Buckinghamshire, England
<br/>
Died: 30 June 1660 in Albury, Surrey, England
<br>
Summary: English mathematician.
Best known for his invention of an early form of the slide rule. 
Invented many new symbols including X for multiplication and :: for proportion.

<p/>
<a href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9057717">
BRITANNICA<a/>. 
Oughtred, William
<br/>
Born: March 5, 1574, Eton, Buckinghamshire, England
<br/>
Died: June 30, 1660, Albury, Surrey
<br/>
Summary:
English mathematician.
Anglican minister.
Invented the earliest form of the slide rule, two identical linear or circular logarithmic scales held together and adjusted by hand. Improvements involving the familiar inner sliding rule came later.

<p/>
<a href="http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/oughtred.html">
The Galileo Project<a/>

<p/>
<a href="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Obits2/Oughtred_Aubrey.html">
Aubrey's Brief Lives<a/>

<p/>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Oughtred">
WIKI<a/>

<p/>
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Oughtred.jpeg"
height=
"300" />
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Oughtred_2.jpeg"
height=
"300" />
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Oughtred_3.jpeg"
height=
"300" />


<H2>30. Albert Girard </H2>

Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography

<p/>
<a href="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Girard_Albert.html">
MACTUTOR<a/>. 
Albert Girard
<br/>
Born: 1595 in St Mihiel, France
<br/>
Died: 8 Dec 1632 in Leiden, Netherlands
<br>
Summary: 
French mathematician and musician. His work on trigonometry is the first to use the 
abbreviations sin, cos, tan.

<p/>
<a href="http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/girard.html">
The Galileo Project<a/>

<p/>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Girard">
WIKI<a/>.
Albert Girard (1595–1632)
<br/>
Summary: 
French-born mathematician. 
Studied at the University of Leiden. 
MacTutor Archive:
Had early thoughts on the fundamental theorem of algebra.
Gave the inductive definition for the Fibonacci numbers. 
First to use the Trigonometry abbreviations 'sin', 'cos' and 'tan' . 
According to Ivan M. Niven, Herbert Zuckerman and Hugh Montgomery, first to state, in 1632, that each prime of form 1 mod 4 was the sum of two squares in exactly one way. 
This was proven by Fermat in 1654. Began as a lute player, not a mathematician.


<H2>31. Descartes </H2>

Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography
<br/>
<a href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108563">Encyclopaedia Britannica<a/>
(also: 
<a href="http://search.eb.com.ezproxy.csusm.edu/eb/article-9108563">Academic Edition<a/>,
requires campus password)
<br/>
Crater Descartes
<br/>
Paris street name: Rue Descartes ( 5th Arrondissement)

<p/>
<a href="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Descartes.html">
MACTUTOR<a/>. 
René Descartes
<br/>
Born: 31 March 1596 in La Haye (now Descartes),Touraine, France
<br/>
Died: 11 Feb 1650 in Stockholm, Sweden
<br>
Summary: 
French philosopher.
La géométrie includes his application of algebra to geometry from which we now have Cartesian geometry. A great influence on both mathematicians and philosophers.

<p/>
<a href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108563">
BRITANNICA<a/>. 
Descartes, René
<br/>
Born: March 31, 1596, La Haye, Touraine, France
<br/>
Died: February 11, 1650, Stockholm, Sweden
<br/>
Summary:
French mathematician, scientist, and philosopher. 
One of the first to abandon scholastic Aristotelianism.
Formulated the first modern version of mind-body dualism.
Promoted the development of a new science grounded in observation and experiment.
For these reasons,
has been called the father of modern philosophy. 
Applying an original system of methodical doubt, he dismissed apparent knowledge derived from authority, the senses, and reason.
Erected new epistemic foundations ( “Cogito, ergo sum”).

<p/>
<a href="http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/descarts.html">
The Galileo Project<a/>


<p/>
<a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-works/">
STANFORD<a/>

<p/>
<a href="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Obits2/Descartes_Aubrey.html">
Aubrey's Brief Lives<a/>

<p/>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes">
WIKI<a/>

<p/>
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Descartes.jpeg"
height=
"300" />
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Descartes_2.jpeg"
height=
"300" />
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Descartes_11.jpeg"
height=
"300" />


<p/>
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Descartes_10.jpeg"
height=
"130" />
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Descartes_7.jpeg"
height=
"130" />
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Descartes_12.jpeg"
height=
"130" />
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Descartes_8.jpeg"
height=
"130" />
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Descartes_4.jpeg"
height=
"130" />


<H2>32. Fermat </H2>

Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography
<br/>
<a href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9034048">Encyclopaedia Britannica<a/>
(also: 
<a href="http://search.eb.com.ezproxy.csusm.edu/eb/article-9034048">Academic Edition<a/>,
requires campus password)
<br/>
Crater Fermat
<br/>
Paris street name: Passage Fermat and Rue Fermat (14th Arrondissement)


<p/>
<a href="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Fermat.html">
MACTUTOR<a/>. 
Pierre de Fermat
<br/>
Born: 17 Aug 1601 in Beaumont-de-Lomagne, France
<br/>
Died: 12 Jan 1665 in Castres, France
<br>
Summary: 
French lawyer and government official.
Most remembered for his work in number theory; in particular for Fermat's Last Theorem. 
Also important in the foundations of the calculus.

<p/>
<a href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9034048">
BRITANNICA<a/>. 
Fermat, Pierre de
<br/>
Born: August 17, 1601, Beaumont-de-Lomagne, France
<br/>
Died: January 12, 1665, Castres
<br/>
also
<br/>
Summary:
French mathematician.
Founder of the modern theory of numbers. 
Together with Descartes,  leading mathematicians of the first half of the 17th century. 
Discovered independently the fundamental principle of analytic geometry. 
Methods for finding tangents to curves and their maximum and minimum points.
Through his correspondence with Blaise Pascal, a co-founder of the theory of probability.

<p/>
<a href="http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/fermat.html">
The Galileo Project<a/>


<p/>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat">
WIKI<a/>

<p/>
<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Pierre_de_Fermat.png"
height=
"420" />
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Fermat_3.jpeg"
height=
"420" />
<p/>
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Fermat_4.jpeg"
height=
"400" />
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Fermat_5.jpeg"
height=
"400" />
<p/>
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Fermat_6.jpeg"
height=
"300" />


<H2>20. NAME </H2>

Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography
<br/>
<a href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005521">Encyclopaedia Britannica<a/>
(also: 
<a href="http://search.eb.com.ezproxy.csusm.edu/eb/article-9005521">Academic Edition<a/>,
requires campus password)

<p/>
<a href="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Alcuin.html">
MACTUTOR<a/>. 
NAME
<br/>
Born: 
<br/>
Died: 
<br>
Summary: 

<p/>
<a href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005521">
BRITANNICA<a/>. 
NAME
<br/>
Born: 
<br/>
Died:
<br/>
also
<br/>
Summary:

<p/>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuin">
WIKI<a/>.
INFO
<br/>
Summary: 

<p/>
<a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ockham/">
STANFORD<a/>. 
INFO
<br/>Summary: 

<p/>
<img src="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BigPictures/Alcuin.jpeg"
height=
"100" />


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